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The depopulation of Chagossians from the Chagos Archipelago, that is, the compelled expulsion of the inhabitants of the island of Diego Garcia and the other islands of the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) by the United Kingdom, at the request of the United States, began in 1968 and concluded on 27 April 1973 with the evacuation of Peros Banhos atoll.〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraph 396.〕 The people, known at the time as the ''Ilois'',〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/1005064.stm )〕 are today known as Chagos Islanders or Chagossians. Some Chagossians and human rights advocates have said that the Chagossian right of occupation was violated by the British Foreign Office as a result of the 1966 agreement〔Peter H. Sand, "United States and Britain in Diego Garcia - The Future of a Controversial Base", 2009, Palgrave MacMillon, New York, p. 69.〕 between the British and American governments to provide an unpopulated island for a U.S. military base, and that additional compensation〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003.〕 and a right of return〔() England and Wales High Court, Case No: CO/4093/2004, 2006, Handed Down Judgment.〕 be provided. Legal action to claim compensation and the right of abode in the Chagos began in April 1973 when 280 islanders, represented by a Mauritian attorney, petitioned the government of Mauritius to distribute the £650,000 compensation provided in 1972 by the British government for distribution by the Mauritian government (it was not distributed until 1977).〔() England and Wales High Court, Case No: CO/4093/2004, 2006, Handed Down Judgment, Paragraph 67.〕 In October 1974, after receiving no assistance from the Mauritian Government, a Mr. Saminaden and Mr. Michel Vincatassin presented the British High Commissioner to Mauritius with a petition detailing the lack of support the islanders had received from the Mauritian government, noting that 40 islanders had died since arriving on Mauritius, and asking for the UK Government to work on their behalf with the Mauritian Government, or to return the Ilois to the Chagos.〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraph 406.〕 From this initial petitioning grew a series of presentations and lawsuits culminating in the 27 March 1982 agreement among the British Government, the Mauritian Government, and the Islanders (numbering 1,419 adults and 160 minors),〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraph 77.〕 which was intended to settle all islander claims for the sum of £4 millions in cash from the British Government and £1 million in land from the Mauritius Government.〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraph 580.〕 Beginning in 1983, a new series of compensation claims were made against the British Government by an Ilois group called the Chagos Refugee Group, located on Mauritius. The founders and officers formed the core of inhabitants who, beginning in 1999, brought three lawsuits to British Courts – in 1999,〔() England and Wales High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division (The Administrative Court) ruling.〕 2002,〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003.〕 and 2006〔 – and one to an American court in 2001,〔() United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Civil Action No. 01-2629 (RMU)〕 all requesting additional compensation and the right of abode in the Chagos. The U.S. case and two of these three British cases were defeated on appeal, the other was not appealed〔 by the British Government. In 2005, these same litigants filed an Application for Trial with the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), which was brought before that court in 2008 following the final defeat of the final British lawsuit before the House of Lords. The ECtHR ruled against the Application on 11 Dec 2012 due to jurisdictional grounds.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=''European Court of Human Rights, Fourth Section, Decision, Application 35622/04'', 20 December 2012 )〕 The British government has consistently denied any illegalities in the expulsion. Even so, various officials (including the Foreign Minister) have apologized to the Chagossians for wrongdoing,〔() 〕 while still disputing that the deportees have a right to be repatriated at this time. On April 1, 2010, the British Cabinet announced the creation of the world's largest Marine Protected Area (MPA) which consists of most of the Chagos Archipelago, homeland of the Chagossians.〔(UK Designates World’s Largest Marine Reserve. ) Press Release, The Chagos Environmental Network, 1 April 2010.〕 The MPA will prohibit extractive industry of all kinds, including commercial fishing and oil and gas exploration. Some Chagossians have said that this MPA was created to prevent the islanders from returning to the islands. On December 1, 2010, a leaked US Embassy London diplomatic cable exposed British and US communications in creating the marine nature reserve. The cable relays exchanges between US Political Counselor Richard Mills and British Director of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Colin Roberts, in which Roberts "asserted that establishing a marine park would, in effect, put paid to resettlement claims of the archipelago's former residents". The cable (reference ID "(09LONDON1156 )") was classified as confidential and "no foreigners", and leaked as part of the Cablegate cache. ==The Chagossians== (詳細はMozambique and Madagascar via Mauritius.〔Richard Edis, "Peak of Limuria" Antony Rowe Ltd., Chippenham (UK) 2004, p. 32.〕 Thus, the original Chagossians were a mixture of the Bantu and Austronesian peoples. The French surrendered Mauritius and its dependencies (including the Chagos) to the UK in the 1814 Treaty of Paris, and the British immediately outlawed the slave trade. However, nothing precluded the transport of slaves within the colony, and so the ancestors of the Chagossians were routinely shipped from Mauritius to Rodrigues to the Chagos to the Seychelles, and elsewhere.〔() Taylor, Donald, Slavery in the Chagos Archipelago, Chagos News, January 2000.〕 In addition, from 1820–1840, the atoll of Diego Garcia in the Chagos became the staging post for slave ships trading between Sumatra, the Seychelles, and the French island of Bourbon, adding a population of Malay slaves into the Chagos gene pool.〔 The British Government abolished slavery in 1834, and the colonial administration of the Seychelles (which administered the Chagos at the time) followed suit in 1835, with the former slaves "apprenticed" to their former masters until 1 February 1839, at which time they became freemen.〔 Following emancipation, the former slaves became contract employees of the various plantation owners throughout the Chagos. Contracts were required by colonial law to be renewed before a magistrate at least every two years, but the distance from the nearest colonial headquarters (on Mauritius) meant few visits by officials,〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraphs 9 and 214.〕 and that meant that these contract workers often stayed for decades between the visits of the Magistrate, and there is little doubt that some remained for a lifetime.〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraph 7.〕 Those workers born in the Chagos were referred to as ''Creoles des Iles'', or ''Ilois'' for short, a French Creole word meaning "Islanders"〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraph 86.〕 until the late 1990s, when they adopted the name Chagossians or Chagos Islanders. With no other work to be had, and all the islands granted by the Governor of Mauritius to the plantation owners,〔() England and Wales High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division (The Administrative Court) ruling, Paragraph 7.〕 life continued for the Chagossians as it would in a Eurocentric slave society with European managers and Ilois workers and their families.〔Richard Edis, "Peak of Limuria" Antony Rowe Ltd., Chippenham (UK) 2004, p. 39-40.〕 On the Chagos, this involved specific tasks, and rewards including housing (such as it was), rations and rum, and a relatively distinct Creole society developed.〔Pridham, C., England’s Colonial Empire: Mauritius and its Dependencies, Smith, Elder, 1846, p. 403.〕 Over the decades, Mauritian, Seychellois, Chinese, Somali, and Indian workers were employed on the island at various times in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, contributing to the Chagossian culture, as did plantation managers and administrators, visiting ships' crews and passengers, British and Indian garrison troops stationed on the island in World War II, and residents of Mauritius - to which individual Chagossians and their families traveled and spent lengthy periods of time.〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraph 9.〕 Significant demographic shifts in the island population began in 1962 when the French-financed Mauritian Company, ''Societe Huiliere de Diego et Peros'', which had consolidated ownership of all the plantations in the Chagos in 1883,〔Richard Edis, "Peak of Limuria" Antony Rowe Ltd., Chippenham (UK) 2004, p. 40.〕 sold the plantations to the Seychelles Company, Chagos-Agalega Company, which then owned the entire Chagos Archipelago, except for six acres at the mouth of the Diego Garcia lagoon.〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraph 95.〕 Thus, at no time did anyone living on the islands actually own a piece of real property there.〔〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraphs 221, 385, and 386.〕 Even the resident managers of the plantations were simply employees of absentee landlords. In the 1930s, Father Dussercle reported that 60% of the plantation workers were "Children of the Isles"; that is, born in the Chagos.〔Richard Edis, "Peak of Limuria" Antony Rowe Ltd., Chippenham (UK) 2004, p. 58.〕 However, beginning in 1962, the Chagos-Agalega Company began hiring Seychellois contract workers almost exclusively, along with a few from Mauritius, as many of the Ilois left the Chagos because of the change in management; by 1964, 80% of the population were Seychellois under 18-month or 2-year contracts.〔Richard Edis, "Peak of Limuria" Antony Rowe Ltd., Chippenham (UK) 2004, p. 82.〕 At this same time, the UK and U.S. began talks with the objective of establishing a military base in the Indian Ocean region. The base would need to be on British Territory as the U.S. had no possessions in the region. The U.S. was deeply concerned with the stability of the host nation of any potential base, and sought an unpopulated territory, to avoid the U.N.'s decolonisation requirements and the resulting political issues of sovereignty or anti-Western sentiment. The political posture of an independent Mauritius, from which the remote British islands of the central Indian Ocean were administered, was not clearly known, but was of a nature expected to work against the security of the base.〔() England and Wales High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division (The Administrative Court) ruling, Paragraphs 11 and 14.〕〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraph 15.〕 As a direct result of these geopolitical concerns, the British Colonial Office recommended to the UK Government in October 1964 to detach the Chagos from Mauritius.〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraph 27.〕 〔() England and Wales High Court, Case No: CO/4093/2004, 2006, Handed Down Judgment, Paragraph 22.〕 In January 1965, the U.S. Embassy in London formally requested the detachment of the Chagos as well.〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraph 28.〕 On November 8, the UK created the BIOT by an Order in Council 〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraph 17.〕 On December 30, 1966, the U.S. and UK signed a 50-year agreement to use the Chagos for military purposes, and that each island so used would be without a resident civilian population.〔Peter H. Sand, "United States and Britain in Diego Garcia - The Future of a Controversial Base", 2009, Palgrave MacMillon, New York, p. 70.〕 This and other evidence at trial led the UK High Court of Justice Queen’s Bench to decide in 2003 that the UK government ultimately decided to depopulate the entire Chagos to avoid scrutiny by the U.N.'s Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, known as the “Committee of 24”.〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraphs 233, 234, and 267.〕 In April 1967, The BIOT Administration bought out Chagos-Agalega for £600,000, thus becoming the sole property owner in the BIOT.〔() England and Wales High Court, Case No: CO/4093/2004, 2006, Handed Down Judgment, Paragraph 41.〕 The Crown immediately leased back the properties to Chagos-Agalega〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraph 96.〕 but the company terminated the lease at the end of 1967,〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraph 106.〕 after which the BIOT assigned management of the plantations to the former managers of Chagos-Agalega, who had incorporated in the Seychelles as Moulinie and Company, Limited.〔 Throughout the 20th Century, there existed a total population of approximately one thousand individuals, with a peak population of 1,142 on all islands recorded in 1953.〔Foreign & Commonwealth Office, BIOT: Health & Mortality in the Chagos Islands, London, 2000〕 In 1966, the population was 924.〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraph 23.〕 This population was fully employed. Although it was common for local plantation managers to allow pensioners and the disabled to remain in the islands and continue to receive rations in exchange for light work, children after the age of 12 were required to work.〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraphs 217 and 344.〕 In 1964, only 3 of a population of 963 were unemployed.〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraph 12.〕 In the latter half of the 20th century, there were thus three major strands to the population - Mauritian and Seychelles contract workers (including management), and the Ilois.〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraph 10.〕 There is no agreement as to the numbers of Ilois living in the BIOT prior to 1971.〔() England and Wales High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division (The Administrative Court) ruling, Paragraph 6.〕 However, the UK and Mauritius agreed in 1972 that there were 426 Ilois families numbering 1,151 individuals〔Peter H. Sand, "United States and Britain in Diego Garcia - The Future of a Controversial Base", 2009, Palgrave MacMillon, New York, p. 25.〕 who left the Chagos for Mauritius voluntarily or involuntarily between 1965 and 1973.〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraph 417.〕 In 1977, the Mauritian government independently listed a total of 557 families totaling 2,323 people - 1,068 adults and 1,255 children - a number which included families that left voluntarily before the creation of the BIOT and never returned to the Chagos.〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraph 523.〕 The number reported by the Mauritian government in 1978 to have received compensation was 2,365 - 1,081 adults and 1,284 minor children.〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraph 421.〕 The Mauritian Government’s Ilois Trust Fund Board certified 1,579 individuals as Ilois in 1982.〔() The High Court of Justice Queens Bench Division, Case No: HQ02X01287, Approved Judgment, 2003, Paragraph 629.〕 The entire population of the Chagos, including the Ilois, was removed to Mauritius and the Seychelles by 27 April 1973.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Depopulation of Chagossians from the Chagos Archipelago」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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